{"id":1696,"date":"2019-02-06T16:54:44","date_gmt":"2019-02-06T16:54:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696"},"modified":"2019-02-22T16:58:12","modified_gmt":"2019-02-22T16:58:12","slug":"newcastle-disease-diagnosis-prevention-and-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696","title":{"rendered":"Newcastle Disease, Diagnosis Prevention and Control"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1>AETIOLOGY <\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2>Classification of the causative agent <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Newcastle disease (ND) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae\nin the genus <em>Avulavirus<\/em>. There are\nten serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses designated APMV-I to APMV-10 and ND\nvirus (NDV) has been designated APMV-1. NDV has also been categorised into five\npathotypes based on clinical signs in infected chickens, designated: a)\nviscerotropic velogenic, b) neurotropic velogenic, c) mesogenic, d) lentogenic\nor respiratory and e) aymptomatic. Pathotype groupings are rarely\nclear-cut.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Temperature:&nbsp; Inactivated by 56\u00b0C\/3 hours or 60\u00b0C\/30\nminutes. pH:&nbsp; Inactivated by acid pH \u2264 2.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chemicals\/Disinfectants:&nbsp; Ether sensitive; inactivated by formalin,\nphenolics and oxidising agents (e.g. Virkon\u00ae); chlorhexidine, sodium\nhypochlorite (6%). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Survival:&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Survives for long\nperiods at ambient temperature, especially in faeces. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1>EPIDEMIOLOGY <\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2>Hosts&nbsp; <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Many\nspecies of birds both domestic and wild <sub>o<\/sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chickens are highly susceptible to disease; turkeys do\nnot tend to develop severe signs <ul><li>Game birds (pheasants, partridges, quail\nand guinea fowl) and parrots (order <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Psittaciformes) vary in susceptibility;\ncockatiels are susceptible <sub>o<\/sub> Wild\nbirds and waterfowl (order Anseriformes) may harbour virus subclinically; some\nisolates within certain genotypes have caused epiornitics within these species <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Young cormorants (<em>Phalacrocorax<\/em> spp.) have demonstrated disease associated with <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>APMV-1 <sub>o<\/sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Disease has been recorded in ostriches (order\nStruthioniformes) and pigeons (order <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Columbiformes) are known to be\nsusceptible <sub>o<\/sub> Raptors\nare usually resistant to ND; except reports of acute disease in bearded vulture\n(<em>Gypaetus barbatus<\/em>), white-tailed sea\neagle (<em>Haliaeetus albicilla<\/em>), a wild\nosprey (<em>Pandion haliaetus<\/em>) and some\nspecies of falcons <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Other birds known to have been affected by\nNDV include: gulls (order Charadriiformes), owls (order Strigiformes), and\npelicans (order Pelecaniformes). <ul><li>Passerine birds (order Passeriformes) are\nvariable in their susceptibility; some species show no signs of disease but\nexcrete NDV while others may develop severe disease&nbsp; <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Reports of deaths in crows and ravens\n(genus <em>Corvus<\/em>) have been recorded <sub>o<\/sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Acute ND has been recorded in\npenguins (order Sphenisciformes) <\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>The\nmorbidity and mortality rates vary among species, and with the strain of\nvirus&nbsp; <\/li><li>Humans\nmay become infected; manifested by unilateral or bilateral reddening, excessive\nlachrymation, oedema of the eyelids, conjunctivitis and sub-conjunctival\nhaemorrhage&nbsp; <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Transmission <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Direct\ncontact with secretions of infected birds; principally via ingestion\n(faecal\/oral route) and inhalation <\/li><li>Fomites:\nfeed, water, implements, premises, human clothing, boots, sacks, egg\ntrays\/crates, etc.&nbsp; o &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Survival of agent is\nprolonged by presence of faeces; as in soiled egg shells <\/li><li>Hatching\nchicks may be infected through egg for some NDV strains; transmission of highly\nvirulent isolates is uncommon <\/li><li>No\nclear evidence of role of flies in mechanical transmission <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Sources of virus <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Respiratory\nsecretions\/discharges and faeces of infected birds <\/li><li>All\nparts of the carcass&nbsp; <\/li><li>Virus\nis shed during the incubation period, during clinical stages and for a limited\nperiod during convalescence <\/li><li>Wild\nbirds and waterfowl may act as reservoir hosts for lentogenic pathotypes of ND;\nsubsequently, these viruses could become virulent following mutation upon\nestablishment in domestic poultry <\/li><li>Some\npsittacine birds have been demonstrated to shed ND virus intermittently for\nover 1 year and been associated with introduction into poultry&nbsp; <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Occurrence <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Velogenic NDV is endemic in areas of Mexico, Central and\nSouth America, widely spread in Asia, the Middle East and Africa, and in\ndouble-crested wild cormorants in the US and Canada. Lentogenic strains of NDV\nare worldwide in their distribution while widespread mesogenic pathotypes with\na special adaptation to pigeons (i.e. pigeon paramyxovirus) do not appear to\ninfect other poultry readily. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>For\nmore recent, detailed information on the occurrence of this disease worldwide,\nsee the <em>OIE <\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>World Animal Health Information\nDatabase<\/em> (WAHID) interface <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[http:\/\/www.oie.int\/wahis\/public.php?page=home] or refer to the latest\nissues of the <em>World Animal Health<\/em> and\nthe OIE<em> Bulletin<\/em>. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1>DIAGNOSIS <\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Incubation period is 2\u201315 days with an average of 5\u20136 days;\nsome species may be over 20 days. For the purposes of the OIE <em>Terrestrial Animal Health Code<\/em>, the\nincubation period for ND is 21 days. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Clinical diagnosis <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Clinical signs seen in birds infected with NDV vary widely\nand are dependent on factors such as: the virus\/pathotype, host species, age of\nhost, co-infection with other organisms, environmental stress and immune\nstatus. Clinical signs alone do not present a reliable basis for diagnosis of\nND. Morbidity and mortality depend on virulence of the virus strain, degree of\nvaccinal immunity, environmental conditions, and condition of the flock. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Lentogenic strains&nbsp; <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Usually\nassociated with subclinical disease marked by mild respiratory disease;\ncoughing, gasping, sneezing and rales <\/li><li>If\nother co-infectious agents circulating, can result in severe signs \uf0b7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mortality\nis negligible <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Mesogenic strains&nbsp; <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>May\nproduce cause acute respiratory disease and neurologic signs in some species <\/li><li>Mortality\nrate is usually low (&lt;10%) <\/li><li>If\nother co-infectious agents circulating, can result in severe signs <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Velogenic strains&nbsp; <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Most\ncommonly cause severe disease in chickens with mortality; signs principally\nrespiratory and\/or nervous <\/li><li>Initial\nclinical signs vary but include: lethargy, inappetence, ruffled feathers,\noedema and injection of conjunctiva. <\/li><li>As\nthe disease progresses birds may develop: greenish or white watery diarrhoea,\ndyspnoea and inflammation of the head and neck often with cyanotic\ndiscoloration <\/li><li>In\nlater stages of disease neurologic signs may be manifested as: tremors,\ntonic\/clonic spasms, wing\/leg paresis or paralysis, torticollis, and aberrant\ncircling behaviour; also be seen <\/li><li>Sharp\ndrop in egg production; eggs contain a watery albumin and appear misshapen with\nabnormally coloured, rough or thin shells <\/li><li>These\nstrains often result in sudden death, with few or no signs <\/li><li>Birds\nthat survive serious infection may develop neurologic and partial or complete\ncessation of egg production <\/li><li>Morbidity\nand mortality rates may approach 100% in unvaccinated chickens <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Lesions <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There are no pathognomonic gross lesions; several birds must\nbe examined to determine a tentative diagnosis and final diagnosis must await\nvirus isolation and identification. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Only\nvelogenic strains produce significant gross lesions <\/li><li>Lesions\nthat may be found include:&nbsp; <sub>o<\/sub> swelling\nof periorbital area or entire head <sub>o<\/sub> oedema of the\ninterstitial or peritracheal tissue of the neck; especially at the thoracic\ninlet <sub>o<\/sub> congestion\nand sometimes haemorrhages in the caudal pharynx and tracheal mucosa;\ndiphtheritic membranes may be evident in the oropharynx, trachea and oesophagus\n<ul><li>petechiae and small ecchymoses on the mucosa of\nthe proventriculus, concentrated around the orifices of the mucous glands&nbsp; <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>oedema, haemorrhages, necrosis or ulcerations of\nrespiratory\/digestive lymphoid tissue, including cecal tonsils and Peyer\u2019s\npatches;&nbsp; <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00a7 though not pathognomonic,\nulceration\/necrosis of Peyer\u2019s patches is suggestive of Newcastle disease <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>oedema, haemorrhages or degeneration of ovaries <ul><li>although less evident in older birds,\nhaemorrhages of the thymus and bursa of fabriceus may occur <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>spleen may appear enlarged, friable and dark red\nor mottled o  some cases may present pulmonary oedema\nand pancreatic necrosis <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Differential diagnosis <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Fowl\ncholera&nbsp; <\/li><li>Highly\npathogenic avian influenza&nbsp; <\/li><li>Laryngotracheitis&nbsp; <\/li><li>Fowl\npox (diphtheritic form)&nbsp; <\/li><li>Psittacosis\n(psittacine birds)&nbsp; <\/li><li>Mycoplasmosis&nbsp; <\/li><li>Infectious\nbronchitis <\/li><li>Aspergillosis&nbsp; <\/li><li>Also\nmanagement errors such as deprivation of water, lack of or nutritionally\ndeficient feed and poor ventilation&nbsp; <\/li><li>In\npet birds: Pacheco&#8217;s parrot disease (psittacine birds), salmonellosis,\nadenovirus, and other paramyxoviruses <\/li><li>In\ncormorants and other wild waterfowl: botulism, fowl cholera and conformational\nabnormalities <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Laboratory diagnosis <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Any laboratory processing samples or undertaking diagnosis\nfrom samples should meet the requirements for the appropriate Containment Group\nas determined by the risk assessment and as outlined in Chapter 1.1.2 Biosafety\nand biosecurity in the veterinary microbiology laboratory and animal\nfacilities. Countries lacking access to such a specialised national or regional\nlaboratory should send specimens to an OIE Reference Laboratory. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3>Samples <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Samples should be collected from recently dead birds or\nmoribund birds that have been killed humanely.&nbsp;\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Identification of the\nagent<\/em>&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Dead\nbirds: oro-nasal swabs; lung, kidneys, intestine (including contents), caecal\ntonsils, spleen, brain, liver and heart tissues, separately or as a pool <\/li><li>Live\nbirds: tracheal or oropharyngeal and cloacael swabs (visibly coated with faecal\nmaterial) from live birds or from pools of organs and faeces from dead birds o small\ndelicate birds may be harmed by swabbing, but the collection of fresh faeces\nmay serve as an adequate alternative <\/li><li>Special\nattention should be given to appropriate types of media for shipping&nbsp; <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Serological tests<\/em>&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Clotted\nblood samples or serum <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3>Procedures <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Identification of the\nagent<\/em>&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Virus\nisolation (the prescribed test for international trade): inoculation of\nembryonated specified pathogen free (SPF) eggs and tested for haemagglutination\n(HA) activity and\/or by use of validated specific molecular methods <\/li><li>Virus\nidentification: use of specific antiserum in a haemagglutination inhibition\n(HI) test o Cross-reactivity\nand the risk of mistyping an isolate can be greatly reduced by using a panel of\nreference sera or monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for APMV-1, APMV-3, and\nAPMV-7 <\/li><li>Pathogenicity\nindex determined by intracerebral methodology&nbsp;\n<\/li><li>Pathogenicity\nindex determined by molecular basis <\/li><li>Definition of Newcastle disease;&nbsp; <sub>o<\/sub>  a)\ncriteria based on either intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) in day-old\nchicks or o  b) correlation of multiple basic amino\nacids <\/li><li>Monoclonal\nantibodies: for rapid identification of NDV (avoiding cross-reactions with\nother APMV serotypes) and a valuable method for grouping and differentiating\nisolates of NDV <\/li><li>Phylogenetic\nstudies: allows for the rapid epidemiological assessment of the origins and\nspread of the viruses responsible for ND outbreaks <\/li><li>Molecular\ntechniques in diagnosis: advantage of extremely rapid demonstration of the\npresence of virus <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Serological tests<\/em>&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Haemagglutination\nand haemagglutination inhibition tests: most widely used and detects antibody\nresponse to virus glycoprotein (predictor of protection against disease)&nbsp; <\/li><li>Enzyme-linked\nimmunosorbent assay (ELISA): as whole virus is used as antigen, detects\nantibody to all of the virus proteins <sub>o<\/sub> commercial ELISA\nkits available to assess post-vaccination antibody levels <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For more detailed information regarding\nlaboratory diagnostic methodologies, please refer to Chapter 2.3.14 Newcastle disease\nin the latest edition of the OIE <em>Manual\nof Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals<\/em> under the heading\n\u201cDiagnostic Techniques\u201d. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1>PREVENTION AND CONTROL <\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>No treatment. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Sanitary prophylaxis <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Bird-proofing\nhouses, feed and water supplies <\/li><li>Proper\ncarcass disposal <\/li><li>Pest\ncontrol in flocks; insects and mice&nbsp; <\/li><li>Avoidance\nof contact with birds of unknown health status; including newly acquired\ndomesticated poultry, pet birds and wild or feral birds <\/li><li>Control\nof human traffic; facility employees should not have contact with outside birds\nand consideration of a policy of shower-in with dedicated clothing <\/li><li>Control\nof vehicular traffic; strict disinfection of conveyances and equipment <\/li><li>One\nage group per farm (&#8216;all in-all out&#8217;) breeding is recommended; disinfection\nbetween groups <\/li><li>During\noutbreaks: <ul><li>effective quarantines and movement controls <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>destruction of all infected and exposed birds;\n21 days before restocking&nbsp; o &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; thorough cleaning and\ndisinfection of the premises <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2>Medical prophylaxis <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>One\nof the most important considerations for any vaccination programme is the type\nof vaccine to be used, the immune and disease status of the birds to be\nvaccinated, the level of maternal immunity in young chickens and the level of\nprotection required in relation to any possibility of infection with field\nvirus under local conditions; various strategies exist and references, like the\nOIE Terrestrial Manual, should be consulted <\/li><li>Vaccination\nwith live and\/or oil emulsion vaccines can markedly reduce the losses in\npoultry flocks but can not ensure the prevention of virus circulation\n(replication and shedding) <\/li><li>Sentinel\nchickens have been employed to monitor vaccinated flocks&nbsp; <\/li><li>In\ngeneral, the more immunogenic live vaccines are more virulent, and are\ntherefore more likely to cause adverse side-effects <\/li><li>Conventional\nlive virus vaccines: 2 groups&nbsp; <sub>o<\/sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; lentogenic vaccines (e.g.\nHitchner-B1, La Sota, V4, NDW, I2 and F) <ul><li>mesogenic vaccines (e.g. Roakin, Mukteswar and\nKomarov); infections of these viruses would fall within the OIE definition of\nND&nbsp; <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>live virus vaccines administered to birds by\nincorporation in the drinking water, delivered as a coarse spray (aerosol), or\nby intranasal or conjunctival instillation; some mesogenic strains are given by\nwing-web intradermal inoculation <\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Inactivated\nvaccines o tend\nto be more expensive than live vaccines <sub>o<\/sub> application entails handling\nand injecting individual birds <ul><li>prepared from allantoic fluid that has had its\ninfectivity inactivated by formaldehyde or beta-propiolactone <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>incorporated into an emulsion with mineral oil or\nvegetable oil, and is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously; each bird\nthus receives a standard dose <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>advantage of no subsequent spread of virus or\nadverse respiratory reactions o virulent\nand avirulent strains are used as seed virus; from a safety control perspective\nthe use of the latter appears more suitable <\/li><\/ul><ul><li>much larger amount of antigen is required for\nimmunisation than for live virus vaccination (no virus multiplication takes\nplace after administration) <\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>New\nrecombinant vaccines: fowlpox virus, vaccinia virus, pigeonpox virus, turkey\nherpesvirus and avian cells in which the HN gene, the F gene, or both, of NDV\nare expressed<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For more detailed information regarding vaccines, please refer to <\/strong><strong>2.3.14\nNewcastle disease in the latest edition of the <em>OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animal<\/em>s\nunder the heading \u201cRequirements for Vaccines\u201d. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For more detailed information regarding safe international trade in\nterrestrial animals and their products, please refer to the latest edition of\nthe <em>OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code<\/em>.\n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1>REFERENCES AND OTHER INFORMATION <\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Brown C. &amp; Torres A., Eds. (2008). &#8211; USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases, Seventh Edition. Committee of Foreign and Emerging Diseases of the US Animal Health Association. Boca Publications Group, Inc. <\/li><li>Coetzer J.A.W. &amp; Tustin R.C. Eds. (2004). &#8211; Infectious Diseases of Livestock, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press. <\/li><li>Fauquet C., Fauquet M. &amp; Mayo M.A. (2005). &#8211; Virus Taxonomy: VIII Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press. <\/li><li>Kahn C.M., Ed. (2005). &#8211; Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck &amp; Co. Inc. and Merial Ltd.\u00a0 <\/li><li>Spickler A.R. &amp; Roth J.A. Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine &#8211; http:\/\/www.cfsph.iastate.edu\/DiseaseInfo\/factsheets.htm <\/li><li>World Organisation for Animal Health (2012). &#8211; Terrestrial Animal Health Code. OIE, Paris. <\/li><li>World Organisation for Animal Health (2012). &#8211; Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. OIE, Paris. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The OIE will periodically update\nthe OIE Technical Disease Cards. Please send relevant new references and\nproposed modifications to the OIE Scientific and Technical Department <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(scientific.dept@oie.int).\nLast updated April 2013. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>AETIOLOGY Classification of the causative agent Newcastle disease (ND) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae in the genus Avulavirus. There are ten serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses designated APMV-I to APMV-10 and ND virus (NDV) has been designated APMV-1. NDV has also been categorised into five pathotypes based on clinical signs in infected chickens, designated: a) viscerotropic velogenic, b) neurotropic velogenic, c) mesogenic, d) lentogenic or respiratory and e) aymptomatic. Pathotype groupings are rarely clear-cut.&nbsp; Temperature:&nbsp; Inactivated by 56\u00b0C\/3 hours or 60\u00b0C\/30 minutes. pH:&nbsp; Inactivated by acid pH \u2264 2. Chemicals\/Disinfectants:&nbsp; Ether sensitive; inactivated by formalin, phenolics and oxidising agents (e.g. Virkon\u00ae); chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite (6%). Survival:&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Survives for&hellip; <a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Newcastle Disease, Diagnosis Prevention and Control - Riverside Invitational Club<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Newcastle Disease, Diagnosis Prevention and Control - Riverside Invitational Club\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"AETIOLOGY Classification of the causative agent Newcastle disease (ND) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae in the genus Avulavirus. There are ten serotypes of avian paramyxoviruses designated APMV-I to APMV-10 and ND virus (NDV) has been designated APMV-1. NDV has also been categorised into five pathotypes based on clinical signs in infected chickens, designated: a) viscerotropic velogenic, b) neurotropic velogenic, c) mesogenic, d) lentogenic or respiratory and e) aymptomatic. Pathotype groupings are rarely clear-cut.&nbsp; Temperature:&nbsp; Inactivated by 56\u00b0C\/3 hours or 60\u00b0C\/30 minutes. pH:&nbsp; Inactivated by acid pH \u2264 2. Chemicals\/Disinfectants:&nbsp; Ether sensitive; inactivated by formalin, phenolics and oxidising agents (e.g. Virkon\u00ae); chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite (6%). Survival:&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Survives for&hellip; Read More\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Riverside Invitational Club\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-02-06T16:54:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-02-22T16:58:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/#website\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/\",\"name\":\"Riverside Invitational Club\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"http:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696\",\"name\":\"Newcastle Disease, Diagnosis Prevention and Control - Riverside Invitational Club\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2019-02-06T16:54:44+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-02-22T16:58:12+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/#\/schema\/person\/047c2f1bc2d8ddcda22e521459836049\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"http:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Newcastle Disease, Diagnosis Prevention and Control\"}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/#\/schema\/person\/047c2f1bc2d8ddcda22e521459836049\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ac2c5a412e3b0784c8c976f7a8c48e05?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ac2c5a412e3b0784c8c976f7a8c48e05?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"admin\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?author=1\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Newcastle Disease, Diagnosis Prevention and Control - Riverside Invitational Club","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.ric-club.org\/?p=1696","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Newcastle Disease, Diagnosis Prevention and Control - Riverside Invitational Club","og_description":"AETIOLOGY Classification of the causative agent Newcastle disease (ND) is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae in the genus Avulavirus. 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